BASIC DEVELOPMENTS

MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

PROBLEM LABORATORY

BASIC DEVELOPMENTS

Main results:

- Development of basic theses of the theory and practice of complex ameliorative regulation with water conservation measures and technologies considered;
- Development of basic systems for agro-monitoring and creation of an automated system for information gathering;
- A system of control and management of water, food and heat regimes of soil in meliorated lands of sovkhoz "Lesnoe" in Misck region was developed and built; also - an automated PC based control and management system was implemented;

A list of some completed and tested R&D results of scientific and practical importance follows:

- Method of substantiation of the necessity and effectiveness of complex meliorations used for economical substantiation of ameliorative measures. Author: V. V. Shabanov;

- Method of optimization of water-salt regime of soil and drainage parameters in irrigation systems, allowing selection of the optimal irrigation regime and calculation of the productivity change in time. Authors: I. P. Aidarov, Yu. M. Zemlyanov, Yu. N. Nikolsky, L. F. Pestov;

- Program "OBOSN" for design and optimization of the parameters of a system of complex ameliorative regulation. Authors: V. V. Shabanov, Yu. A. Kitaev, K. V. Sharin;

- R&D in prognosis of salt regime of soils and dynamics of absorbed bases. Authors: I. P. Aidarov, L. F. Pestov;

- System of operative control and management of irrigation on sprinkler systems allowing the calculation of time and norm of sprinkling considering the available reserves of water and technical characteristics of the irrigation network. Authors: V. V. Shabanov, Yu. M. Zemlyanov, V. D. Khalko;

- Calculation and substantiation of the irrigation regime with consideration of the quality of water. Authors: I. P. Aidarov, L. F. Pestov;

- Method of irrigating drained lands using the criterion of balanced water exchange. Authors: N. P. Bunina, V. V. Shabanov;

- Methodology of substantiation of drainage parameters and irrigation regime in drained lands, which allows the definition of the optimal drainage parameters, irrigation regime within margins of error, prognosis of calculated productivity and its yearly variation in the humid zone. Author: Yu. N. Nikolsky;

- Methodology of calculation of the filtration coefficient during the drainage design, which allows the reduction of the area of insufficiently drained lands. Authors: V. V. Shabanov, N. P. Bunina;

- Methodology for prognosis of change of concentration of biogenic substance in the system soil-under ground water-water of the open drainage system-water collector. Author: V. N. Markin;

- A quantitative method of multifactor evaluation of the "typicality" of a field. Author: V. V. Shabanov;

- Methodological material on applied bioclimatic substantiation of creation of systems of complex ameliorative regulation, which includes a general scheme of research on complex melioration, requirements to the systems of complex ameliorative regulation, systems of mathematical models for substantiation of the necessity of melioration, calculation of projected productivity. Author: V. V. Shabanov;

- A methodological textbook on determination of requirements of plants to the water regime in turf soils which include calculation of projected productivity as a function of the water regime with consideration of space and temporal variation of the factors of water regime. Authors: Yu. N. Nikolsky, N. P. Bunina, S. A. Fiodorov;

- Methodology for determination of varying in time requirements of plants to the content in soil nutrients which allows the determination of optimal ranges of the content of nutrients for the control and management of the productive process of plants. Authors: V. V. Shabanov, V. M. Lavrichenko, I. S. Kostyakov;

- Methodology of calculation of requirements of agricultural products to the heat regime. Authors: V. V. Shabanov, V. A. Shelgunova;

- Methodological material for determination of the productivity depending on the level of salinity, which includes calculation of loss of productivity of agricultural products in saline soils. Authors: I. P. Aidarov, T. P. Korolkova;

- Textbook on calculation of loss of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus as a result of microbial activity in different hydro-thermal regimes. Authors: B. F. Nikitenkov, T. V. Pushkareva;

- Automated system of ecological and agro-meteorological monitoring of the environment. Includes: complex of sensors of the state of the environment and crops, canal creating equipment, appropriate software. The system is oriented for use in production. Authors: V. S. Sosnovsky, B. F. Nikitenkov, V. V. Shabanov;

- Method of building monolithic lesimeters (up to 5 sq. m.) on the field. Authors: V. V. Pchelkin, N. P. Bunina;

- Recommendations for quality control in ameliorative systems on a complex of hydro-chemical and hydro-biological indicators, which allow to intensify self-cleaning of waters within a system. Authors: V. N. Markin, V. V. Shabanov;

- Methodology for subdivision of territories based on the indicator of the necessity of melioration, which allows to choose the main objects for the improvement of the environment. Author: V. V. Shabanov;

Implementation

The efforts of the staff were also directed on the implementation of the results of the research in various institutions.
The results of our work were implemented in the R&D Institutes Soyuzgyprovodkhoz, Mosgyprovodkhoz, Rosgyprovodkhoz and many others in Azerbaijan, Byelorussia, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Ukraine etc.

An automated complex of irrigation system design was developed and implemented in 27 projects in the R&D Institute Gyprovodkhoz of Central regions.

The details of the implementations are given in the section "Implementation of the results of R&D of the Problem Research Laboratory".

Implementation of new methods and "fine-tuning" of the technology of the complex ameliorative regulation was also conducted directly in the experimental field "Lesnoe".

Inventions

The following certificates are results of R&D of the Laboratory:
- Author's certificate "Method of regulation of stimulating the activity of soil", 1988, (in co-authorship with colleagues from Timiryazev Agricultural Academy;
- Author's certificate "Method of irrigation of winter crops", 1989 г., (in co-authorship with colleagues from Soyuzgyprovodkhz and VNIIGM);
- Author's certificate: "Method of building a monolithic lisimeter", 1991, authors: V. V. Pchelkin, N. P. Bunina;
- Patent "Method of moisturizing of turf", 1993, Authors: V. V. Shabanov, N. P. Bunina, S. A. Fiodorov, V. G. Ermoshin.

R&D in the last 5 years

In 1998, close to Pushkin's jubilee, the Laboratory in collaboration with Moscow State University and R&D Institute of cultural and natural heritage conducted research on the topic "Ecological research of the territory of the A. S. Pushkin historical-literary and nature-landscape State museum-sanctuary 'Mikhailovskoe'".
Based on the materials of that research recommendations for the creation of an effective system of functioning to maintain ecological safety on the territory of the museum were prepared and given to the sanctuary. The recommendations also included measures for rational use of natural resources directed on the expansion of ecological and energy capacity of the landscape.
Brief description of the conducted research follows (the results were also demonstrated in 2001-2002 in the pavilion "Mechanization and melioration" of the exhibition "Melioration is a guarantee for the successful agricultural development of the country"):

1. "Calculated monitoring of preserved territories and sanctuaries" Authors: Prof. DSc V. V. Shabanov, PhD N. P. Bunina, eng. D. E. Tonshin
    Calculated monitoring is an instrument which allows to conduct ecological evaluation of museum-sanctuary territories with minimal material and technical resources.
    The calculation is a result of mathematical modeling of the natural processes of the territory of the sanctuary with the use of the model of water transfer, developed by DSc, Prof. A. I. Golovanov who in his turn used the model of calculation of productivity developed by DSc, Prof. V. V. Shabanov. The calculations are based on determining relative values of productivity depending on the hydrothermal regime of the territory. Under conditions of a low-hill landscape the orientation of the hillside and the slope are taken into account. The values of the productivity allow the evaluation of the territories by the degree of optimality of conditions allowing therefore to subdivide the territories by the degree of ecological disturbance.
    The results of calculations allow the evaluation of the current state of the territories and planning of the necessary measures for the expansion of the energy and ecological capacity of the landscape.
Implementation:
    On the basis of the calculated monitoring the necessity of the ameliorative measures on the territory of the museum-sanctuary of A.S. Pushkin "Mikhailovskoe" was estimated and planned.
    As a result the savings of resources in the sanctuary reached about US$20 per hectare.

2. "Role of melioration in the strategy of stable development". Authors: Prof. DSc V. V. Shabanov, PhD N. P. Bunina
    There is currently a need to develop new approaches to melioration taking into account its multilevel character and its role in the improvement of the quality of life and stabilization of the living environment. These approaches should be based on the following principles:
· Priority of the strategy of survival above all other activities, a fact that dictates the negation of the principle of conquering of nature and balancing the exploitation of natural resources with countermeasures to restore the possible damage.
· Scientific substantiation of the level of quality of life on the basis of a hierarchical system of values determined by the strategies of survival and confirmed by ethical standards.
· Support of the scientifically substantiated level of quality of life by providing the national economy with renewable resources be means of agricultural production with minimal use of non-renewable resources.
· Acceptance of the priority of ecological safety against economical effectiveness.
· Use of systemic approach as a main research method.

Purpose -
Extension of the function of melioration under conditions of global ecological crisis and its conversion to complex multifunctional system directed to the provision of the national economy with agricultural production, safety of the environment and formation of a new value system.

Novelty -
Optimization of the quality of life of the current and future generations within the limits of the stability of the biosphere i.e. its resource-and-energy and ecological capacity as well as formation of a value system that defines the human behaviour under conditions of limited stability of the biosphere.

Practical Use -
Tracking, analysis and development of solutions of all elements of the complex process of providing the national economy with agricultural production.

3. "Methodology of ecologo-economical evaluation of the effects of climate change on the natural potential of the agro-landscape". Authors: Prof. DSc V. V. Shabanov, D. N. Vanakov, I. S. Orlov
The purpose of the research is development of scientifically substantiated principle and methodology of economical evaluation of the natural conditions for different scenarios of the climate change.
The results of our calculations for agro-landscapes in different zones allowed us to perform economical and cost evaluation of agricultural lands.
The use of the Assessment of the economical value of an agro-landscape under the climate change conditions model can have quite a wide spectrum of use:
- for prognosis of the current productivity depending on the weather conditions;
- for prognosis of the future productivity and assessment of the economical effectiveness of agriculture including ameliorative measures;
- for subdivision of lands into homogeneous areas depending on their value for the national economy; - for the evaluation of the cost of land;
- for the prognosis of the productivity under conditions of changing global climate.
Based on the results of our research the "Methodology of evaluation of the allowed effect of anthropogenic projects on the autotrophic chain under conditions of climate change", was developed and successfully implemented in student assignments for the 5th year in the course "Ecological expertise".

4. "Method of regulation of water regime of soil to increase the productivity and stability of agro-landscape" Authors: Prof. DSc V. V. Shabanov, PhD N. P. Bunina;

Purpose:
Optimization of the geochemical cycle and intensification of the biological cycle with the result of reduction of wash-out of biogenic substances, preservation of soil fertility and stabilization of productivity.

Innovation:
Unlike the existing methods of maintaining the optimal soil humidity in this method a balanced water-exchange between soil and underground waters is maintained.

Use:
The method can be used in irrigation of large agricultural territories or small fields in the city or farm.

Implementation: Implementation of the new technology of irrigation in production in sovkhoz "Lesnoe" of the Minsk region secured stable functioning of the agro-ameliorative landscape during a 10-year period with productivity of 10-12 ton/hectare of hay in three harvests.

Economical Effect:
- Savings of up to 30% in the use of water for irrigation; - Stabilization of productivity in the range of (0.8-1)Ymax; - preservation of soil fertility due to the reduction of deterioration of organic substance and increase of the fixation of nitrogen.